17 Elements — One Systemic Problem
Today, most rare earth elements are mined and refined in a handful of regions, with China dominating extraction and processing. Mining and separation are energy-intensive and often rely on harsh chemicals, leaving behind contaminated soils, water, and large volumes of toxic waste.
At the same time, electronic waste volumes keep growing. Devices are designed for short lifetimes and rapid replacement, yet less than one percent of their rare earth content is recovered — representing tens of billions of dollars in lost material every year.
Structurally Inefficient Recycling
Along the e-waste chain, stakeholders optimise for precious metals and bulk materials. Rare earths drift into process residues and wastewater. The result: valuable REEs are lost, transport and processing emissions are higher than needed, and our dependence on primary mining persists.